Theory And Research :: essays research papers fc

Theory and Research Introduction This paper will focus on the quantitative correlation study method used in survey based researches such as the attached article entitled "Horatio Alger lives". Social research is a collection of methods people use to systematically combine theories and ideas to produce knowledge. Because of it's complexity, researchers must be able to carefully select a method or methods that will best suit their study objectives. Quantitative research method consists of: experiment, content analysis, existing statistics (correlation), and survey. The correlation and survey will be the two main methods that will be emphasized. In a survey research, people are asked questions either through the use of questionnaires or during an interview. Unlike the experiment approach, the condition and situation in a survey requires no manipulation. All the subject have to do is to answer questions. Good quantitative research is determined by validity and reliability of the research method used (Teevan, 1995:161). Therefo re, the straight correlation study method used in the survey research of "Horatio Alger lives" lack components of validity and reliability. News Article Summary This article entitled "Horatio Alger lives" is basically a survey correlation study done on two distinct social classes; sons of wealthy fathers and sons of lower income fathers. The goal in this research was to determine which sons of the two distinct social groups mentioned, were to likely make more money in the future. Therefore, they surveyed 400,000 males age 16 and 19 that was still living with their fathers. After the eleven year period the same groups of men were again surveyed, and their incomes was correlated with their fathers. The research revealed that overall sons of wealthy fathers was more likely to earn higher salaries than their dads. Based on this fact the researcher further generalized that sons of wealthy fathers was more than likely to obtain a higher income than those sons of lower income fathers. Despite the overall results a small percentage of sons of fathers in the lower income families made more money than their father. Class Discussion The class discussion evolved around two questions. The first question was; do you agree with the researcher's angle in which he derived a general assumption that, sons of wealthy fathers will make more money than sons of lower income fathers? Before allowing anyone to answer I quickly brought up the third variable which was attitude, in addition to the previous question. This question had two very interesting but opposing points of views brought to light by two very different opinionated classmates. One classmate (female) agreed with the researchers measures and assumptions, arguing on the bases that if your

Position Of Male Teachers In Our Education System Education Essay

In peculiar, the categorization of the art of learning as adult females work has truly hurt the place of male instructors in our instruction system and maintain them out of the field. However, â€Å" Recuperative Maleness Politics † introduces conveying back maleness in order to battle current stereotypes. The term refers to the fact that males must be present in the schoolroom at the simple degree in order to cover with the current feminisation of the field ( p. 192 ) . Most immature kids develop and larn through detecting the actions and words of those around them and research has shown that a male function theoretical account is indispensable in the school system. Male simple instructors can be important function theoretical accounts for their pupils. â€Å" Harmonizing to a Norms and Values Report 2011 commissioned by the Ministry of Social Development in Trinidad, and done by the ANSA McAL Psychological Research Centre, 69 per cent of adult females said they had kids, as compared to 53 per cent of work forces † ( Baldeosingh 2011 ) .This underlines the fact that some kids may non hold a solid male figure to emulate. Children need such important positive function theoretical accounts to help in learning them the norms and values needed in society and to make full a male parent function for the six hr twenty-four hours that they spend together. They need to interact with male instructors when they are immature and turning emotionally. â€Å" Children need male function theoretical accounts between the ages of seven and thirteen to assist them turn and place themselves. † ( Erickson, 1950, 1968 ) .A As such it is believed that mal e figures in our school system are required to steer, protect, enhance and influence pupils in a positive and resourceful mode so that they can go successful immature grownups. The factors that have encouraged the enlisting of more male instructors surfaced from the diverse learning manners between male and female instructors. Emphasis is placed on the instructor ‘s position on internal and external methods of control and how wit and freedom tantrums in to it ( Kesici, 2008 ) . For illustration, male instructors are frequently humourous and encourage freedom of address and appropriate behaviour in comparing to female instructors. They normally tell gags, and integrate play and treatments in the schoolroom which make the pupils laugh bring forthing a higher degree of involvement in the topic being taught. â€Å" The impression that instructors ‘ schoolroom behaviour and interaction with students may be predicted on the footing of their gender underpins recent controversial runs to enroll more male instructors † ( Francis 2008 ) . â€Å" Male instructors are more likely than female instructors to esteem and provide to kids ‘s ‘ involvement and demands, such as for more rambunctious drama † ( Farquhar, 1997 ) . Robinson ( 1988 ) adds nevertheless, that there is small fluctuation the work that male and female instructors really do, but they tend to be different in their interactions. Teachers should take into history the assorted demands of each pupil and make a balanced instruction and acquisition environment where kids are allowed to develop holistically. Mac Donald ( 2007 ) suggested that immature male childs have been affected by the diminution in male instructors in their developmental old ages ( considered to be preschool age 2 to 12 old ages ) . Furthermore he states that male childs are able to derive more than merely academic accomplishment from male instructors, but they besides act as function theoretical accounts of manhood and maleness. This has lead to the thought of â€Å" ‘Gender Match ‘ which can be defined as the premise that kids learn at a faster rate when being taught by those of the same sex † ( Sokal & A ; Katz, 2008 ) . Staff ( 2008 ) quoted Dr. Tanya Byron, a clinical psychologist and broadcaster, by stating: â€Å" Male primary school instructors can frequently be stable and dependable figures in the lives of the kids that they teach. They inspire kids to experience more confident, to work harder and to act better. † Simply put boys learn more when they are instructed by male instructo rs. Not merely do work forces hold a positive impact on academic accomplishment in male childs but they are besides indispensable in portraying and patterning maleness and manhood ( MacDonald, 2007 ) . Additionally, Holland ( 1996 ) suggests that one of the major issues environing academic failure in immature male childs is the fact that they are surrounded by preponderantly female instructors, therefore it is ingrained in their mind that school work is something for misss to make. They seldom see males in their environment prosecuting in academic activity and hence there is struggle with their maleness. Boys respond more positively and efficaciously to correction given by male instructors as opposed to female instructors. One might reason that this might be strictly incidental. However, unless a female instructor exhibits masculine authorization manners or inordinate force, they appear to accomplish minimum or ephemeral consequences when covering with particularly riotous and delinquent male childs ( Francis 2008 ) . Due to this, boys are by and large disengaged from academic activities because most of the female instructors merely do non hold the capacity, desire or energy to cover with them. Clark ( 2009 ) points out that: â€Å" Research conducted by the Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) claimed that male childs taught by adult females are more likely to interrupt lessons and neglect their surveies. Fifty-one per cent of male childs in primary schools said they would be more obedient in category if taught by a adult male and 42 per cent said they would work harder. † One statement may be that the primary important figures in the lives of immature male childs who have become a threat in some of our schools are preponderantly female instructors and/or individual female parents, aunties or grandmas. This could bespeak that even with the best attempts and purposes, immature male childs seem to be unaffected of perturbed by these influential adult females in their lives. There are a figure of statements for and against the presence of male instructors in the instruction system. Though, research has suggested that a balance of male and female instructors in the school system is desirable for kids. More over sense of ego regard, unity, ego assurance is fostered when a kid has a masculine function theoretical account he/she looks up to pattern and interact with. Therefore, the relevant disposal should pull, recruit and retain male instructors. This research paper has clearly shown that the inclusion and enlargement of the figure of male instructors in the school system will positively act upon, create, mold and bring forth better all rounded pupils particularly with regard to immature male pupils. While driving on a main road, one may detect a big hoarding demoing a male parent learning his kid to sit a motorcycle, an activity which is seen by society which males prefer, instead than females for diversion. Soon, there are strong group differences between males and females, haltering success to alter structural inequalities between work forces and adult females in employment and the place ( Cox, 1987 ) . A recent study conducted by the National Education Association ( NEA ) , reported that work forces accounted for less than one-quarter of all instructors. Additionally, it revealed that a good balance between male and female instructors in an instruction installation AIDSs in a better acquisition environment. Although male instructors may sometimes miss gradualness and contemplation, they make up for it in enthusiasm, wit, and earnestness. Enrolling more male instructors will therefore profit the instruction system given that they are merely as effectual and efficient as female s at instructors or even better. One statement against aiming work forces for instruction is that gender is irrelevant, as adult females are rather capable of executing typical male activities with kids such as kicking a football. However, without male instructors kids will go on to keep the stereotyped position that instruction is a female business. A staff consisting of both male and female instructors is better able to back up equal chances for both male childs and misss, and to make environments that respect every person ( Coulter & A ; McNay, 1993 ) . Martino ( 2008 ) provinces: â€Å" In peculiar, the categorization of the art of instruction as â€Å" adult females ‘s work † has truly hurt the place of male instructors in our instruction system and maintain them out of the field. However, â€Å" Recuperative Maleness Politics † introduces conveying back maleness in order to battle current stereotypes. The term refers to the fact that males must be present in the schoolroom at the simple degree in order to cover with the current feminisation of the field † ( p. 192 ) . Most immature kids develop and larn through detecting the actions and words of those around them and research has shown that a male function theoretical account is indispensable in the school system. â€Å" Harmonizing to a Norms and Values Report 2011 commissioned by the Ministry of Social Development in Trinidad, and done by the ANSA McAL Psychological Research Centre, 69 per cent of adult females said they had kids, as compared to 53 per cent of work forces † ( Baldeosingh 2011 ) .This underlines the fact that some kids may non hold a solid male figure to emulate. Children need a important and positive function theoretical account to help in learning them the norms and values needed in society every bit good as to make full a male parent function for the six hr twenty-four hours that they spend together, a undertaking which female instructors can non carry through. They need to interact with male instructors when they are immature and turning emotionally. â€Å" Children need male function theoretical accounts between the ages of seven and thirteen to assist them turn and place themselves. † ( Erickson, 1950 ) .A As such, it is believed that male figures in our s chool system are required to steer, protect, enhance and influence pupils in a positive and resourceful mode so that they can go successful immature grownups. The factors that have encouraged the enlisting of more male instructors surfaced from the diverse learning manners between male and female instructors. Emphasis is placed on the instructor ‘s position on internal and external methods of control and how wit and freedom tantrums in to it ( Kesici, 2008 ) . For illustration, male instructors are frequently humourous and encourage freedom of address and appropriate behaviour in comparing to female instructors. They normally tell gags, and integrate play and treatments in the schoolroom which make the pupils laugh bring forthing a higher degree of involvement in the topic being taught. â€Å" The impression that instructors ‘ schoolroom behaviour and interaction with students may be predicted on the footing of their gender underpins recent controversial runs to enroll more male instructors † ( Francis 2008 ) . â€Å" Male instructors are more likely than female instructors to esteem and provide to kids ‘s ‘ involvement and demands, such as for more rambunctious drama † ( Farquhar, 1997 ) . Robinson ( 1988 ) adds nevertheless, that while there is small fluctuation in the work that male and female instructors really do, they tend to be different in their interactions. Male and female instruction manners take into history the assorted demands of each pupil and make a balanced instruction and acquisition environment where kids are allowed to develop holistically. Mac Donald ( 2007 ) suggested that due to the diminution in male instructors, the developmental old ages of male childs ( considered to be from two to twelve old ages ) have been affected soberly. Furthermore, he explained that boys gain more than merely academic accomplishment from male instructors, as they besides act as function theoretical accounts of manhood and maleness. This has lead to the thought of â€Å" ‘Gender Match ‘ which can be defined as the premise that kids learn at a faster rate when being taught by those of the same sex † ( Sokal & A ; Katz, 2008 ) . Staff ( 2008 ) quoted Dr. Tanya Byron, a clinical psychologist and broadcaster, by stating: â€Å" Male primary school instructors can frequently be stable and dependable figures in the lives of the kids that they teach. They inspire kids to experience more confident, to work harder and to act better. † As a effect, boys learn at a faster rate when they are educated by male instead than fema le instructors. Additionally, Holland ( 1996 ) suggests that a cardinal issue environing academic failure in male child is the fact that they are surrounded chiefly by female instructors ; for that ground it is embedded in their mind that â€Å" school work † is to some extent for misss to make. They seldom observe males in their environment prosecuting in academic activity ; hence, struggle with their maleness arises. Boys respond more positively and efficaciously to rectification and subject imposed by male instructors as opposed to female instructors. It is argued that this might be merely incidental. However, if a female instructor does non exhibit certain masculine authorization manners or utmost energy, they seem to accomplish minimum or short-run consequences when covering with peculiarly disorderly and delinquent male childs ( Francis 2008 ) . Therefore, male childs tend to be by and large disconnected from academe due to the fact that most female instructors do non hold the competency, will or energy to cover with their exuberance behaviour. Clark ( 2009 ) points out that: â€Å" Research conducted by the Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) claimed that male childs taught by adult females are more likely to interrupt lessons and neglect their surveies. Fifty-one per cent of male childs in primary schools said they would be more obedient in category if taught by a adult male and 42 per cent said they would work harder. † It is argued that the prevailing important figures present in the lives of immature male childs who have developed into a nuisance in schools are chiefly female instructors and/or individual female parents, grandmas or aunties. This perchance will bespeak that even with a combination of difficult work and good purposes, immature male childs seem to be imperviable of these influential adult females in their lives. There are a figure of statements for and against the presence of male instructors in the instruction system. Research has suggested that a balance of male and female instructors in the school system is desirable for kids. More over a sense of dignity, morality and ego assurance is encouraged when a kid has a masculine function theoretical account he/she looks up to pattern and interact with. Therefore, the relevant disposal should pull, recruit and retain male instructors. The inclusion and enlargement of the figure of male instructors in the school system will positively act upon, create, mold and bring forth better all rounded pupils particularly with regard to immature male pupils.

The Development of the Modern Travel and Tourism Industry

The development of the travel and tourism industry in the uk increased after the end of world war 2. Before World War 2 there was not much of a travel industry except when Billy Butlin opened his first holiday camp in Skegness. During the war no one would go abroad or visit other places apart from the richer people as they were the ones who could afford it. The travel and tourism industry has developed as a direct result of technological developments. These technological developments have been in transport technology such as things like, jet aircraft; improve trains and more luxurious coaches. Also, there has been an improvement in information and communication technology such as the internet, computer reservation systems (CRS) and global distribution systems (GDS) as well as credit and debit cards allowing customers to pay for their travels in more convenient ways. You can read also Waves The most significant development in air travel was when the jet aircraft was introduced in the 1950's especially the Boeing 707 in 1958. Air travel became more rapid, safe, comfortable and relative to past decades- cheap. The travel and tourism industry benefitted from the ‘jumbo jet' boeing 747 that was introduced in 1969. With the jet it was possible to fly in less time making long haul flights more accessible, also the price to pay was reduced due to the increased capacity of the jumbo jet (400 seats). However, it is not just the air transport that has been revolutionised by technological developments. The channel tunnel was opened in 1995 and increased competition for the cross-channel ferry service. The changing in socio-economic factors has added to the development of the modern travel and tourism industry. These factors include: * Changes in car ownership * Increasing leisure time * An increase in disposable income * The impact of the national economy In the last 50 years, car ownership has increased dramatically. This is because peoples income has raised and the cost of cars are more affordable to buy and to run. In 1970 there were approximately 11 million cars on uk roads this is a huge increase compared with the 2.3 million in 1950. Statistics from the Department for Transport show that in 2002 there were over 25.5 million private cars in the UK. This suggests that car owners have an additional travel option, and that it is easier for them to reach destinations that are inaccessible or difficult to access with public transport. A benefit of having your own car is that car owners can chose when to travel without a timetable restriction and they have a choice of their speed of travel. Car ownerships offer flexibility to travel. The rise is car ownership has resulted in the demand for public transport to drop, such as trains, coaches for holiday travel. The result of this leads to cuts in transport services. Another effect on the increase of car ownership in the uk has been the increase in associated environmental problems, such as pollution, congestion and the loss of land to road building programmes. Over the years, the increase in leisure time has come about because of holiday pay entitlement. In the UK there are a number of one day bank holidays as well as annual leave. Holiday entitlement is partly responsible for the seasonality of travel and tourism as working parents take holidays in the school holidays to coincide with school holidays. The â€Å"working week† has also been made shorter to an average of 37 hours, compared to the 1950's when the working week was 50 hours a week. A great benefit to the travel and tourism industry is that many employers offer flexible working hours allowing employees to have long weekends and hence take short breaks. Labour saving household equipment such as dishwashers, washing machines, and microwaves mean that household chores are carried out quicker, increasing leisure time. People on average are also living longer and retiring earlier. The ‘grey' market is important in travel and tourism, as retired people frequently have a l ot of leisure time and money to spend on holidays and other leisure activities. In travel and tourism the increase in product development is primarily due to package holidays. The origin on the package holiday has come from a man called Thomas Cook, who took his passengers by train Loughborough to Leicester in 1841. The modern package or also known as the inclusive tour was created by Vladimir Raitz, who in 1950 carried a party of thirty two holiday makers to Corsica. That particular package included return flights, transfers, tented accommodation and full board (fully catered). By filling every seat he managed to keep the price low. He then went on to establish Horizon Holidays and chartered planes to destination such as Palma, Malaga and other Mediterranean resorts, carrying 300 passengers in the first year of operating. Package holidays have since increased with Thomson, Airtours and First Choice being the biggest outgoing tour operators in terms of the number of package holidays sold. The most favoured destination is the Mediterranean as this is the most popular with the British. However long-haul destinations including places like the Caribbean, the USA, the far east and Australia are growing to be increasing important holiday destinations as travel costs fall. In the 1950's Club Med introduced all inclusive holidays. All inclusive's can now include all meals, drinks, sports and entertainment, for example, but what's covered in the packaged does vary depending on the operator. For example an all-inclusive package with First choice at the four start Occidental Grand Fuerteventura in Jandia included the following: * Food- buffets for breakfast, lunch and dinner; unlimited snacks 10 a.m to midnight; afternoon tea and cakes; picnics available on request; unlimited ice cream between 3pm and 6 pm * Drink- unlimited locally produced alcoholic drinks between 10.30 am and midnigh5t for adults; unlimited soft drinks, tea, coffee and mineral water between 10 a.m and midnight. Holiday camps are purpose sites providing family accommodation and a diversity of entertainment facilities on site for a relatively low all inclusive price. They were first originated by Billy Butlin in the 1930s who opened his first holiday camp at Skegness on the Lincolnshire coast in 1936. Holiday camps worked on the principle and motive that if children were happy on holiday, then parents would be too. In this type of holiday Butlin's, Pontin's and Warner's became market leaders. In the recent years they have modified these camps to meet changing consumer needs and expectations. New types of holiday centres have evolved such as Centre Parcs. Because of the huge growth in travel and tourism there has been a change in consumer needs and expectations. There have been significant changed due to cultural and social factors. We also now demand higher standards of quality and customer service. The simple sun sea and sand holidays in the 1960's seem less popular with people nowadays, and more flexibility is demanded. These days, customers prefer to choose the type of accommodation, the board basis, and the type of transport and the length of the holiday. Package holidays now offer this choice. Special-interest holidays have particularly been developed more to cater for a range of interests. Holidays that have become increasingly important are activity and adventure holidays, especially the ones that include activities such as white-water rafting or scuba diving. The ‘second holiday' has developed as leisure time increases and disposable income rise. Skiing became popular as a second (winter) holiday from the 1970s, and in the 1980s the short break market developed. The domestic travel and tourism industry has benefitted from this. Overseas city breaks are now very popular thanks to low-price air fares and other quick transport methods. We see the damage that can be done to popular holiday destinations and the travelling public is becoming more environmentally aware. Tour operators have responded to this and many brochures will make a statement about what they're doing to support local communities. The Travel Foundation is a charity that develops practical solutions to help protect and improve holiday destinations. External factors in the travel and tourism industry include legislation. The Holidays with Pact Act 1938 encouraged voluntary agreements by employers on paid holidays and generated the idea of a two week paid holiday for all workers. Although this ambition was not fulfilled untilled a few years after the end of the second world war, by 1939 some 11 million of the UK's 19 million workforce were entitled to paid holidays, a key factor in generating mass travel and tourism. Countryside and Rights of Way act 2000 made it legal for the public to enter area's and land that were previously restricted to the landowners. The right does not include cycling, horse riding, driving a vehicle or camping, and there are various other rules to protect the land and the interests of the landowners, such as farmers. Development of Tourism Act 1968 established the British tourist authority which was set up to encourage incoming tourism from overseas visitors, as well as the four national tourist boards (NTB) of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which oversee tourism in their own areas. The BTA and the NTBs were given the power and authority to act in name of the government and to promote British Tourism. Since 2004 the BTA and the English tourism council have merged together into VisitBritain. Each NTB work within its own country to encourage and improve amenities for travel and tourism. They offer a service for information, undertake research and provide grants for tourism-related projects. In order to extend their influence within their countries, each NTB sets up Regional Tourist Boards. EU Directive on Package Travel 1995 ensures that customers of package holiday providers have financial protection. For example, if a company fails, customers that have not yet travelled can re-claim their money back. For those who are on holiday at the time do not have to pay additional costs. The directive made a number of duties on the organisers of package holidays, which includes providing clear contract terms, giving emergency telephone numbers, providing a range of compensation options if the agreed services are not supplied, producing accurate promotional materials such as brochures, as well as providing proof that the organiser has security against insolvency. Disability discrimination Act 1995 came about through public pressure to persuade people and businesses to remove any barriers facing people with disabilities. Travel and tourism organisations such as visitor attractions have to be accessible to those with restricted mobility or those in wheelchairs. Also public transport services have been advised to their vehicles with facilities to make it easier to use for people with disabilities, for example fitting low steps on busses. These adaptations have been successful as there are 10 million disabled people in the UK with a spending power of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½48 million. This act requires travel agents to make reasonable adjustments to their shops to ensure that disabled people can have access to their facilities and services. If these adjustments are not made the travel agency can be sued and required to pay compensation. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 applies to workers in all areas of travel and tourism. * Employers have general duty to provide for the health, safety and welfare of those they employ. Employers are also required to consult employees about health and safety arrangements and prepare written health and safety policy statement. * Employers need to ensure that their operations do not put non-employees at risk. * Adequate information about any work-related hazards and the precautions needed to contain them must be made available. * All employees have to take reasonable care to ensure their own health and safety at work and that of other people who might be affected by their actions. Each year The World Tourism Organisation produces a report on the long term prospects for tourism. The WTO predicts that worldwide international arrivals are expected to reach over 1.56 billion by the year 2020. 1.18 billion of that number will be between region and 337 million will be long haul travel. It is predicted that by 2020 the top 3 tourist receiving regions will be Europe (717 million tourists), East Asia and the pacific (379 million) and the Americas (282 million), followed by Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. However, it is impossible to make precise predictions in travel and tourism. The following examples may or may not happen. A development that is likely to take place over the next few years is space tourism; other developments in transport technology included the Airbus's 8380 ‘superjumbo' with 555 seats compared to the regular boeing 747 jumbo's with 415 seats. The Chinese and Russian markets, with a population of 1.3 billion, are likely to attract many new tourists. VisitBritain is expecting a double in the number of tourists from China to the UK in the next 5 years to 130 000, and the number of visitors from Russia to increase by 50% in the same period to more than 200 000. These upcoming markets are targeted by travel companies. Russians see the UK as a desirable destination. Chinese consumers are cost and quality conscious and are less likely to buy on-line as they do not have credit cards. According to the WTO, china itself is expected to become the worlds leading tourism destination by 2020, with some 100 million outbound tourists and 130 million each year. The conclude the development of the modern travel and tourism industry is primarily due to the changing socio-economic factors, technical developments, product development, external factors, the change in customer needs and expectations and the up-growing future trends in travel and tourism.

The Strengths and Weaknesses o essays

The Strengths and Weaknesses o essays Machine politics had numerous strengths among which were the high levels of political participation it encouraged. It also satisfied important social needs that official government institutions could not fulfill due to the decentralized structure of government provided for by the Constitution. Effective party bosses were able organize and centralize fragmented power in order to satisfy the needs of different groups in their community. It humanized and personalized assistance to the needy by directly appealing to individual concerns instead of to broader public interests. It replaced what was perceived by immigrants to be the cold, bureaucratic dispensation of limited aid following upon detailed investigations of legal claims to aid of the client... with the more personal techniques employed by the precinct captain who asks no questions, exacts no compliance with legal rules of eligibility and does not snoop into private affairs.(Urban Politics A Reader, 104) Politicians of the machine were seen as just one of us and the machine politics became a system of patronage and personal ties. This was the case especially for immigrants, who faced discrimination and had limited opportunities for upward mobility. Machines provided immigrants as well as deprived classes with alternative paths for social mobility when these groups encountered the relative absence of opportunity for achieving these types of success. Machine politics also benefited business both those that engaged legitimate and illegal endeavors by providing them with services that business required to grow and prosper but could not attain through conventional and/or morally acceptable means.(104) However, machine politics also has its drawbacks. It tended to be exclusionary as the machine would only represent certain ethnic groups and not others. For example, Stephen Erie described the limited effectiveness of machines abi...

Gun Control in US

Gun Control in US Introduction All year round, approximately 30,000 people are reported to die from gunshot wounds in the USA. In 2010, the US reported gun violence as the leading cause of premature mortality, with young people falling victims.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Control in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is such a pathetic state for a developed country as the US to have such high mortality rate due to the high prevalence of gun violence. Among all the developed countries with high crime prevalence rate, the situation was termed as the worst in the US, which associates to the high firearm homicide rate. The high prevalence of ownership of guns accompanied by less restrictive laws underscored some of the reasons contributing to violence and high rate of crime in the country. Various economic costs are linked gun violence. For instance, the country spends approximately $30 billion annually on settling me dical bills in relation to treatment of firearm injuries and deaths. The incurred costs could be spent in expansion of other productive economic activities. However, the cost of owning and using a gun goes beyond this point since there are other adverse effects and outcomes. In addition, violence and other forms of crime cause a reduction in revenues collected from taxes, and these elements are some of the challenges that the federal government should address. Policies regarding control of gun in the United States There have been several debates concerning the gun control policies. The proponents of gun control policies hold that the control measures counter the prevalence of crime incidences by ensuring that firearms are taken away from the wrong hands.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, most people assume that they must either support or oppose the gun contr ol policy, which is not the case. Policies or laws on gun control stipulate the types of the firearm to be purchased, qualities of the purchaser and the holder, and safety restriction concerning the storage and use of guns. Although there were laws to ban the possession of guns, this move was overturned by a court order that was passed by the supreme court of Columbia and Chicago. Currently, the implemented policies do not fully disarm adults as long as they are over the age of 21 years. This requirement seeks to control the rates of prevailing crimes since fewer people would be in a position to own guns. In order for the gun control to ensure a reduction in the rate of crimes, there should be an evaluation of the impact of the gun control policy on availability and accessibility to firearms, especially for the case of handguns. On the other hand, the effect of the prevalence of guns on the commission of a crime should also be evaluated. Many researchers justify the gun control laws due to the evidence of high crime rate that calls for political support of these laws. Currently, gun control laws focus on the definition on conditions that prohibit an individual from owning a gun or firearms, implementation of laws and regulations to prevent prohibited individuals from illegal possession of firearms and guns. In addition, these laws stipulate restriction to carrying concealed guns outside one’s home and regulations on the design of these guns in order to enhance individual safety and that of the members of the public.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Control in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rationale for the prohibition of gun possession The law prohibits certain categories of individuals from purchasing or even owning guns and firearms. They include fugitives, those served with restraining orders due to domestic violence, persons convicted of domestic crime, felons, people who a re mentally ill, illegal aliens, ex-soldiers dismissed from the military and person below the recommended age of 21 years. However, the laws stipulate that 18 years is the minimum age at which possession of a handgun could be transferred from one person to another, especially for unauthorized gun dealers. The move to ban some people from owning or carrying a firearm hinges on research results, which showed that the ever-increasing crime cases were due to access to firearms by some individuals. For instance, a felony convict stands a higher chance of committing violent crimes in the future as compared to non-felons. In addition, most domestic homicides are directly linked to availability and ownership of gun within the family household. Based on some researches carried out, researchers concluded that quite a substantial percentage of perpetrators of domestic violence are likely to extend their abusive tendencies to other people in the society. Drug and substance abuse are linked to t he increased rate of domestic violence within American families, violent crimes, and actual or suicidal attempts. Researchers established that homicide offenders are more likely to abuse drugs as compared to non-offenders. However, a small percentage of people suffering from mental illness are associated with some form of violence, as others with disorders such as stress and depression are likely to harm others or even themselves.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the case of the minimum age limit, it was established that the minimum age restriction on possession of firearms and guns was a crucial move. Policy makers decided on the age limit after researchers established that there had been an increment in the prevalence of violent crimes amongst the adolescents. This aspect was attributed to the brain structures at that age, which embrace risk-taking impulses, hence contributing to heightened risk of violent behavior amongst youths at this age bracket. The debate on gun control policies Over the years, legislative proposals to restrict the availability of guns to the members of public yield different reactions from people. In the recent years, proponents of gun control laws hold to the fact that proper implementation of federal laws can be quite successful. However, the only challenge arises where states with few legal restrictions on guns tend to supply them to the states where comprehensive bans are implemented. Various issues arise fro m this constitutional provision as stipulated by the proponents. First, with the presence of professional police forces, this provision stands to be obsolete. The provision was in favor of the military officers to guard them against suppression, hence posing a restriction only to the military officers. In addition, the right to owning a gun is not absolute, but can be limited within reasonable requirements. The proponents also seek to know why a common citizen would own a gun not designed for the purpose of authorized sporting or hunting activities. With regard to reasons stipulated above, proponents for the policy on gun control advocate some changes on the prevailing policy on gun control to deter criminal activities and risks posed to the public. Since 1930, machine guns and short-barreled rifles remained under strict regulations, but they were banned completely from private ownership in 1980s. Currently, small handguns, ammunitions feeding devices and assault weapons among other s are some of the arms to be included in the control regulations. Gun control legislations meet opposition in different dimensions, but opponents maintain that gun control policies fail to meet the intended purposes. In argument laid by this group, they stipulate that acquisition of weapons by high-risk individuals can hardly be controlled, even after implementation of federal laws. They also add that stringent laws would impose more difficulties to law-abiding individuals to abide by the new laws. Such a move leads to frustration and probably a threat on the rights of citizens and even their safety. They also note that even in countries where the rates of violent crimes are low, it is not necessarily due to gun control policies; actually, tolerance and community policing amongst other social integration strategies contribute largely to the low crime rates. The antagonists of gun control policies are not fully convinced that private gun ownership is meant for recreational activities exclusively. However, they call for the need for people to have effective means to defend themselves for security purposes. In addition, the opponents point out that possession of guns would help in reducing the rate of crime. Conclusion To the proponents of gun control legislations, propositions by the opponents comprise a misinterpretation of the provisions of the constitution regarding possession of guns. Gun control legislations should be put in place if the Federal State is to deal with the prevalence of high crime rate comprehensively. However, a comprehensive study of the effects of various gun control policies can help people in making an informed conclusion on whether these policies can really help curb violent crimes prevailing in the US.

Now is no time for silence - Emphasis

Now is no time for silence Now is no time for silence Managers are failing to update their staff just when they need to most, it seems. The training manager of a blue-chip multinational was telling us recently how many managers had gone curiously quiet. It seems that their tongues (or their keyboards) have gone west along with the firms profits, just as their teams were looking to them for information and leadership. Lets face it, anyone can lead in the easy times, she said. Its at times like these that managers prove their worth. The problem is, of course, that the managers are just as worried and uncertain as everyone else. But harsh though it may seem, its no good drawing a managers salary if all you can do when times get tough is clam up and hide under the same black cloud as everyone else. If a team cant turn to management for leadership, then they quickly begin to wonder if anyones at the helm at all. These sentiments were echoed recently by the Association of Communicators in Business (CiB), which represents internal communications managers. They warned that organisations should redouble their internal-communication efforts during uncertain economic times rather than putting them on the back burner. They have a point. Internal communication may seem the least of a companys worries when sales are in free fall. But failing to keep your people in the loop can seriously demotivate them. And this effect can last long past the end of the recession, creating a corporate hangover that slows recovery. Worse still, although job security fears could keep them around for now, they may quickly jump ship as soon as the outlook improves. You have to ratchet up your commitment to engage with staff, says CiB chairman Paul Brasington. People are usually mature enough to understand bad news. The worst mistake is to say nothing. Among the steps you can take to improve internal communication in a recession are: explaining the direct impact of the recession on your industry and organisation, and saying what the firm will need to do to weather the storm telling people about job or budget cuts as soon as possible, along with the reasons and timescales keeping up the information flow, and making sure its two way: silence breeds rumours moving quickly to correct inaccurate information making sure employees hear news first, before you communicate it externally. Related links: High-impact writing Effective email writing

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Assignment 1 - Essay Example Kartomi and Andrew maintain that historical circumstances and/or developments acted as key drivers to the migration. The routes taken during migration for the two centuries have been used to evidence this argument. Two primary routes were used during the two-century Jewish migration, namely: the Southern Asian diaspora route and Northern diaspora route (Kartomi and Andrew 11). The Jewish group that travelled via the Southern Asian route used sea or land. Their travel time coincided to an approximate spice routes. Homogeneity among migrating persons was highly observed. This group was made up of Jews who were migrating voluntarily. Notably, most of them were family members who were moving with an intention to settle in Asia. Moreover, trade-based migration was also evident. There were groups of Jews whose migration into Asia was solely for trade purposes. Contrary to the southern route users, migrants who used the northern route exhibited heterogeneous aspects. Involuntary migration was also eminent as Kartomi and Andrew maintains. Over the two centuries, the northern route also saw movement of refugees into East Asia from central and eastern parts of Europe. Interest in East Asia was exacerbated by the Silk Road, following the railway system expansion along the road. The two-century migrations had so much to borrow from historical backgrounds. There were series of events that were taking place across the world, Asia and Europe being the central focus of Kartomi and Andrew with regard to the Jewish migration. Historical circumstances essentially informed Jewish migration into Asian territories. In the process, a foundation was set that would see Jewish history encompass musical outcomes relative to their migrations. Jewish history in the Asian soil became more musical to a point that it would essentially define their identity. It is in this respect that Kartomi and Andrew’s